...or when loading a module. • The use of direct PCI BAR access. • The use of the ioperm and iopl instructions on x86. • The use of the KD*IO console ioctls. • The use of the TIOCS…...ev (2); • inspect processes using kcmp (2). CAP_SYS_RAWIO • Perform I/O port operations ( iopl (2) and ioperm (2)); • access /proc/kcore ; • employ the FIBMAP ioctl (2) operatio…