rlim_t(3type)

NAME#

getrlimit, setrlimit, prlimit - get/set resource limits

LIBRARY#

Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS#

#include <sys/resource.h>

int getrlimit(int \nresource\n, struct rlimit *\nrlim\n);\n
\nint setrlimit(int \nresource\n, const struct rlimit *\nrlim\n);

int prlimit(pid_t \npid\n, int \nresource\n,\n
\n            const struct rlimit *_Nullable \nnew_limit\n,\n
\n            struct rlimit *_Nullable \nold_limit\n);

struct rlimit {\n
\n    rlim_t  rlim_cur;\n  /* Soft limit */
\n    rlim_t  rlim_max;\n  /* Hard limit (ceiling for rlim_cur) */
\n};\n

typedef\n /* ... */  \nrlim_t;\n  /* Unsigned integer type */

prlimit():

\n
    _GNU_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION#

The getrlimit() and setrlimit() system calls get and set resource limits. Each resource has an associated soft and hard limit, as defined by the rlimit structure.

The soft limit is the value that the kernel enforces for the corresponding resource. The hard limit acts as a ceiling for the soft limit: an unprivileged process may set only its soft limit to a value in the range from 0 up to the hard limit, and (irreversibly) lower its hard limit. A privileged process (under Linux: one with the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability in the initial user namespace) may make arbitrary changes to either limit value.

The value RLIM_INFINITY denotes no limit on a resource (both in the structure returned by getrlimit() and in the structure passed to setrlimit()).

The resource argument must be one of:

RLIMIT_AS

This is the maximum size of the process's virtual memory (address space). The limit is specified in bytes, and is rounded down to the system page size. This limit affects calls to brk(2), mmap(2), and mremap(2), which fail with the error ENOMEM upon exceeding this limit. In addition, automatic stack expansion fails (and generates a SIGSEGV that kills the process if no alternate stack has been made available via sigaltstack(2)). Since the value is a long, on machines with a 32-bit long either this limit is at most 2 GiB, or this resource is unlimited.

RLIMIT_CORE

This is the maximum size of a core file (see core(5)) in bytes that the process may dump. When 0 no core dump files are created. When nonzero, larger dumps are truncated to this size.

RLIMIT_CPU

This is a limit, in seconds, on the amount of CPU time that the process can consume. When the process reaches the soft limit, it is sent a SIGXCPU signal. The default action for this signal is to terminate the process. However, the signal can be caught, and the handler can return control to the main program. If the process continues to consume CPU time, it will be sent SIGXCPU once per second until the hard limit is reached, at which time it is sent SIGKILL. (This latter point describes Linux behavior. Implementations vary in how they treat processes which continue to consume CPU time after reaching the soft limit. Portable applications that need to catch this signal should perform an orderly termination upon first receipt of SIGXCPU.)

RLIMIT_DATA

This is the maximum size of the process's data segment (initialized data, uninitialized data, and heap). The limit is specified in bytes, and is rounded down to the system page size. This limit affects calls to brk(2), sbrk(2), and (since Linux 4.7) mmap(2), which fail with the error ENOMEM upon encountering the soft limit of this resource.

RLIMIT_FSIZE

This is the maximum size in bytes of files that the process may create. Attempts to extend a file beyond this limit result in delivery of a SIGXFSZ signal. By default, this signal terminates a process, but a process can catch this signal instead, in which case the relevant system call (e.g., write(2), truncate(2)) fails with the error EFBIG.

RLIMIT_LOCKS (Linux 2.4.0 to Linux 2.4.24)

This is a limit on the combined number of flock(2) locks and fcntl(2) leases that this process may establish.

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK

This is the maximum number of bytes of memory that may be locked into RAM. This limit is in effect rounded down to the nearest multiple of the system page size. This limit affects mlock(2), mlockall(2), and the mmap(2) MAP_LOCKED operation. Since Linux 2.6.9, it also affects the shmctl(2) SHM_LOCK operation, where it sets a maximum on the total bytes in shared memory segments (see shmget(2)) that may be locked by the real user ID of the calling process. The shmctl(2) SHM_LOCK locks are accounted for separately from the per-process memory locks established by mlock(2), mlockall(2), and mmap(2) MAP_LOCKED; a process can lock bytes up to this limit in each of these two categories.

Before Linux 2.6.9, this limit controlled the amount of memory that could be locked by a privileged process. Since Linux 2.6.9, no limits are placed on the amount of memory that a privileged process may lock, and this limit instead governs the amount of memory that an unprivileged process may lock.

RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE (since Linux 2.6.8)

This is a limit on the number of bytes that can be allocated for POSIX message queues for the real user ID of the calling process. This limit is enforced for mq_open(3). Each message queue that the user creates counts (until it is removed) against this limit according to the formula:

Since Linux 3.5:

bash

bytes = attr.mq_maxmsg * sizeof(struct msg_msg) +
\n
        MIN(attr.mq_maxmsg, MQ_PRIO_MAX) *
\n
              sizeof(struct posix_msg_tree_node)+
\n
                        /* For overhead */
\n
        attr.mq_maxmsg * attr.mq_msgsize;
\n
                        /* For message data */

Linux 3.4 and earlier:

bash

bytes = attr.mq_maxmsg * sizeof(struct msg_msg *) +
\n
                        /* For overhead */
\n
        attr.mq_maxmsg * attr.mq_msgsize;
\n
                        /* For message data */

where attr is the mq_attr structure specified as the fourth argument to mq_open(3), and the msg_msg and posix_msg_tree_node structures are kernel-internal structures.

The "overhead" addend in the formula accounts for overhead bytes required by the implementation and ensures that the user cannot create an unlimited number of zero-length messages (such messages nevertheless each consume some system memory for bookkeeping overhead).

RLIMIT_NICE (since Linux 2.6.12, but see BUGS below)

This specifies a ceiling to which the process's nice value can be raised using setpriority(2) or nice(2). The actual ceiling for the nice value is calculated as 20 - rlim_cur. The useful range for this limit is thus from 1 (corresponding to a nice value of 19) to 40 (corresponding to a nice value of -20). This unusual choice of range was necessary because negative numbers cannot be specified as resource limit values, since they typically have special meanings. For example, RLIM_INFINITY typically is the same as -1. For more detail on the nice value, see sched(7).

RLIMIT_NOFILE

This specifies a value one greater than the maximum file descriptor number that can be opened by this process. Attempts (open(2), pipe(2), dup(2), etc.) to exceed this limit yield the error EMFILE. (Historically, this limit was named RLIMIT_OFILE on BSD.)

Since Linux 4.5, this limit also defines the maximum number of file descriptors that an unprivileged process (one without the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability) may have "in flight" to other processes, by being passed across UNIX domain sockets. This limit applies to the sendmsg(2) system call. For further details, see unix(7).

RLIMIT_NPROC

This is a limit on the number of extant process (or, more precisely on Linux, threads) for the real user ID of the calling process. So long as the current number of processes belonging to this process's real user ID is greater than or equal to this limit, fork(2) fails with the error EAGAIN.

The RLIMIT_NPROC limit is not enforced for processes that have either the CAP_SYS_ADMIN or the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability, or run with real user ID 0.

RLIMIT_RSS

This is a limit (in bytes) on the process's resident set (the number of virtual pages resident in RAM). This limit has effect only in Linux 2.4.x, x < 30, and there affects only calls to madvise(2) specifying MADV_WILLNEED.

RLIMIT_RTPRIO (since Linux 2.6.12, but see BUGS)

This specifies a ceiling on the real-time priority that may be set for this process using sched_setscheduler(2) and sched_setparam(2).

For further details on real-time scheduling policies, see sched(7)

RLIMIT_RTTIME (since Linux 2.6.25)

This is a limit (in microseconds) on the amount of CPU time that a process scheduled under a real-time scheduling policy may consume without making a blocking system call. For the purpose of this limit, each time a process makes a blocking system call, the count of its consumed CPU time is reset to zero. The CPU time count is not reset if the process continues trying to use the CPU but is preempted, its time slice expires, or it calls sched_yield(2).

Upon reaching the soft limit, the process is sent a SIGXCPU signal. If the process catches or ignores this signal and continues consuming CPU time, then SIGXCPU will be generated once each second until the hard limit is reached, at which point the process is sent a SIGKILL signal.

The intended use of this limit is to stop a runaway real-time process from locking up the system.

For further details on real-time scheduling policies, see sched(7)

RLIMIT_SIGPENDING (since Linux 2.6.8)

This is a limit on the number of signals that may be queued for the real user ID of the calling process. Both standard and real-time signals are counted for the purpose of checking this limit. However, the limit is enforced only for sigqueue(3); it is always possible to use kill(2) to queue one instance of any of the signals that are not already queued to the process.

RLIMIT_STACK

This is the maximum size of the process stack, in bytes. Upon reaching this limit, a SIGSEGV signal is generated. To handle this signal, a process must employ an alternate signal stack (sigaltstack(2)).

Since Linux 2.6.23, this limit also determines the amount of space used for the process's command-line arguments and environment variables; for details, see execve(2).

prlimit()#

The Linux-specific prlimit() system call combines and extends the functionality of setrlimit() and getrlimit(). It can be used to both set and get the resource limits of an arbitrary process.

The resource argument has the same meaning as for setrlimit() and getrlimit().

If the new_limit argument is not NULL, then the rlimit structure to which it points is used to set new values for the soft and hard limits for resource. If the old_limit argument is not NULL, then a successful call to prlimit() places the previous soft and hard limits for resource in the rlimit structure pointed to by old_limit.

The pid argument specifies the ID of the process on which the call is to operate. If pid is 0, then the call applies to the calling process. To set or get the resources of a process other than itself, the caller must have the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability in the user namespace of the process whose resource limits are being changed, or the real, effective, and saved set user IDs of the target process must match the real user ID of the caller and the real, effective, and saved set group IDs of the target process must match the real group ID of the caller.

RETURN VALUE#

On success, these system calls return 0. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS#

EFAULT

A pointer argument points to a location outside the accessible address space.

EINVAL

The value specified in resource is not valid; or, for setrlimit() or prlimit(): rlim->rlim_cur was greater than rlim->rlim_max.

EPERM

An unprivileged process tried to raise the hard limit; the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability is required to do this.

EPERM

The caller tried to increase the hard RLIMIT_NOFILE limit above the maximum defined by /proc/sys/fs/nr_open (see proc(5))

EPERM

(prlimit()) The calling process did not have permission to set limits for the process specified by pid.

ESRCH

Could not find a process with the ID specified in pid.

ATTRIBUTES#

For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

STANDARDS#

getrlimit()

setrlimit()

POSIX.1-2008.

prlimit()

Linux.

RLIMIT_MEMLOCK and RLIMIT_NPROC derive from BSD and are not specified in POSIX.1; they are present on the BSDs and Linux, but on few other implementations. RLIMIT_RSS derives from BSD and is not specified in POSIX.1; it is nevertheless present on most implementations. RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE, RLIMIT_NICE, RLIMIT_RTPRIO, RLIMIT_RTTIME, and RLIMIT_SIGPENDING are Linux-specific.

HISTORY#

getrlimit()

setrlimit()

POSIX.1-2001, SVr4, 4.3BSD.

prlimit()

Linux 2.6.36, glibc 2.13.

NOTES#

A child process created via fork(2) inherits its parent's resource limits. Resource limits are preserved across execve(2).

Resource limits are per-process attributes that are shared by all of the threads in a process.

Lowering the soft limit for a resource below the process's current consumption of that resource will succeed (but will prevent the process from further increasing its consumption of the resource).

One can set the resource limits of the shell using the built-in ulimit command (limit in csh(1)). The shell's resource limits are inherited by the processes that it creates to execute commands.

Since Linux 2.6.24, the resource limits of any process can be inspected via /proc/pid/limits; see proc(5).

Ancient systems provided a vlimit() function with a similar purpose to setrlimit(). For backward compatibility, glibc also provides vlimit(). All new applications should be written using setrlimit().

C library/kernel ABI differences#

Since glibc 2.13, the glibc getrlimit() and setrlimit() wrapper functions no longer invoke the corresponding system calls, but instead employ prlimit(), for the reasons described in BUGS.

The name of the glibc wrapper function is prlimit(); the underlying system call is prlimit64().

BUGS#

In older Linux kernels, the SIGXCPU and SIGKILL signals delivered when a process encountered the soft and hard RLIMIT_CPU limits were delivered one (CPU) second later than they should have been. This was fixed in Linux 2.6.8.

In Linux 2.6.x kernels before Linux 2.6.17, a RLIMIT_CPU limit of 0 is wrongly treated as "no limit" (like RLIM_INFINITY). Since Linux 2.6.17, setting a limit of 0 does have an effect, but is actually treated as a limit of 1 second.

A kernel bug means that RLIMIT_RTPRIO does not work in Linux 2.6.12; the problem is fixed in Linux 2.6.13.

In Linux 2.6.12, there was an off-by-one mismatch between the priority ranges returned by getpriority(2) and RLIMIT_NICE. This had the effect that the actual ceiling for the nice value was calculated as 19 - rlim_cur. This was fixed in Linux 2.6.13.

Since Linux 2.6.12, if a process reaches its soft RLIMIT_CPU limit and has a handler installed for SIGXCPU, then, in addition to invoking the signal handler, the kernel increases the soft limit by one second. This behavior repeats if the process continues to consume CPU time, until the hard limit is reached, at which point the process is killed. Other implementations do not change the RLIMIT_CPU soft limit in this manner, and the Linux behavior is probably not standards conformant; portable applications should avoid relying on this Linux-specific behavior. The Linux-specific RLIMIT_RTTIME limit exhibits the same behavior when the soft limit is encountered.

Kernels before Linux 2.4.22 did not diagnose the error EINVAL for setrlimit() when rlim->rlim_cur was greater than rlim->rlim_max.

Linux doesn't return an error when an attempt to set RLIMIT_CPU has failed, for compatibility reasons.

Representation of "large" resource limit values on 32-bit platforms#

The glibc getrlimit() and setrlimit() wrapper functions use a 64-bit rlim_t data type, even on 32-bit platforms. However, the rlim_t data type used in the getrlimit() and setrlimit() system calls is a (32-bit) unsigned long. Furthermore, in Linux, the kernel represents resource limits on 32-bit platforms as unsigned long. However, a 32-bit data type is not wide enough. The most pertinent limit here is RLIMIT_FSIZE, which specifies the maximum size to which a file can grow: to be useful, this limit must be represented using a type that is as wide as the type used to represent file offsets—that is, as wide as a 64-bit off_t (assuming a program compiled with _FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64).

To work around this kernel limitation, if a program tried to set a resource limit to a value larger than can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned long, then the glibc setrlimit() wrapper function silently converted the limit value to RLIM_INFINITY. In other words, the requested resource limit setting was silently ignored.

Since glibc 2.13, glibc works around the limitations of the getrlimit() and setrlimit() system calls by implementing setrlimit() and getrlimit() as wrapper functions that call prlimit().

EXAMPLES#

The program below demonstrates the use of prlimit().

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
#include <err.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <time.h>
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
\n
    pid_t          pid;
\n
    struct rlimit  old, new;
\n
    struct rlimit  *newp;
\n
    if (!(argc == 2 || argc == 4)) {
\n
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pid> [<new-soft-limit> "
\n
                "<new-hard-limit>]\n", argv[0]);
\n
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
\n
    }
\n
    pid = atoi(argv[1]);        /* PID of target process */
\n
    newp = NULL;
\n
    if (argc == 4) {
\n
        new.rlim_cur = atoi(argv[2]);
\n
        new.rlim_max = atoi(argv[3]);
\n
        newp = &new;
\n
    }
\n
    /* Set CPU time limit of target process; retrieve and display
\n
       previous limit */
\n
    if (prlimit(pid, RLIMIT_CPU, newp, &old) == -1)
\n
        err(EXIT_FAILURE, "prlimit-1");
\n
    printf("Previous limits: soft=%jd; hard=%jd\n",
\n
           (intmax_t) old.rlim_cur, (intmax_t) old.rlim_max);
\n
    /* Retrieve and display new CPU time limit */
\n
    if (prlimit(pid, RLIMIT_CPU, NULL, &old) == -1)
\n
        err(EXIT_FAILURE, "prlimit-2");
\n
    printf("New limits: soft=%jd; hard=%jd\n",
\n
           (intmax_t) old.rlim_cur, (intmax_t) old.rlim_max);
\n
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

SEE ALSO#

prlimit(1), dup(2), fcntl(2), fork(2), getrusage(2), mlock(2), mmap(2), open(2), quotactl(2), sbrk(2), shmctl(2), malloc(3), sigqueue(3), ulimit(3), core(5), capabilities(7), cgroups(7), credentials(7), signal(7)