gettimeofday(2)

NAME#

gettimeofday, settimeofday - get / set time

LIBRARY#

Standard C library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS#

#include <sys/time.h>

int gettimeofday(struct timeval *restrict \ntv\n,\n
\n                 struct timezone *_Nullable restrict \ntz\n);\n
\nint settimeofday(const struct timeval *\ntv\n,\n
\n                 const struct timezone *_Nullable \ntz\n);

settimeofday():

\n
    Since glibc 2.19:
\n
        _DEFAULT_SOURCE
\n
    glibc 2.19 and earlier:
\n
        _BSD_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION#

The functions gettimeofday() and settimeofday() can get and set the time as well as a timezone.

The tv argument is a struct timeval (as specified in <sys/time.h>):

struct timeval {
\n
    time_t      tv_sec;     /* seconds */
\n
    suseconds_t tv_usec;    /* microseconds */
};

and gives the number of seconds and microseconds since the Epoch (see time(2)).

The tz argument is a struct timezone:

struct timezone {
\n
    int tz_minuteswest;     /* minutes west of Greenwich */
\n
    int tz_dsttime;         /* type of DST correction */
};

If either tv or tz is NULL, the corresponding structure is not set or returned. (However, compilation warnings will result if tv is NULL.)

The use of the timezone structure is obsolete; the tz argument should normally be specified as NULL. (See NOTES below.)

Under Linux, there are some peculiar "warp clock" semantics associated with the settimeofday() system call if on the very first call (after booting) that has a non-NULL tz argument, the tv argument is NULL and the tz_minuteswest field is nonzero. (The tz_dsttime field should be zero for this case.) In such a case it is assumed that the CMOS clock is on local time, and that it has to be incremented by this amount to get UTC system time. No doubt it is a bad idea to use this feature.

RETURN VALUE#

gettimeofday() and settimeofday() return 0 for success. On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS#

EFAULT

One of tv or tz pointed outside the accessible address space.

EINVAL

(settimeofday()): timezone is invalid.

EINVAL

(settimeofday()): tv.tv_sec is negative or tv.tv_usec is outside the range [0, 999,999].

EINVAL (since Linux 4.3)

(settimeofday()): An attempt was made to set the time to a value less than the current value of the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock (see clock_gettime(2)).

EPERM

The calling process has insufficient privilege to call settimeofday(); under Linux the CAP_SYS_TIME capability is required.

VERSIONS#

C library/kernel differences#

On some architectures, an implementation of gettimeofday() is provided in the vdso(7).

The kernel accepts NULL for both tv and tz. The timezone argument is ignored by glibc and musl, and not passed to/from the kernel. Android's bionic passes the timezone argument to/from the kernel, but Android does not update the kernel timezone based on the device timezone in Settings, so the kernel's timezone is typically UTC.

STANDARDS#

gettimeofday()

POSIX.1-2008 (obsolete).

settimeofday()

None.

HISTORY#

SVr4, 4.3BSD. POSIX.1-2001 describes gettimeofday() but not settimeofday(). POSIX.1-2008 marks gettimeofday() as obsolete, recommending the use of clock_gettime(2) instead.

Traditionally, the fields of struct timeval were of type long.

The tz_dsttime field#

On a non-Linux kernel, with glibc, the tz_dsttime field of struct timezone will be set to a nonzero value by gettimeofday() if the current timezone has ever had or will have a daylight saving rule applied. In this sense it exactly mirrors the meaning of daylight(3) for the current zone. On Linux, with glibc, the setting of the tz_dsttime field of struct timezone has never been used by settimeofday() or gettimeofday(). Thus, the following is purely of historical interest.

On old systems, the field tz_dsttime contains a symbolic constant (values are given below) that indicates in which part of the year Daylight Saving Time is in force. (Note: this value is constant throughout the year: it does not indicate that DST is in force, it just selects an algorithm.) The daylight saving time algorithms defined are as follows:

DST_NONE\n     /* not on DST */
\nDST_USA\n      /* USA style DST */
\nDST_AUST\n     /* Australian style DST */
\nDST_WET\n      /* Western European DST */
\nDST_MET\n      /* Middle European DST */
\nDST_EET\n      /* Eastern European DST */
\nDST_CAN\n      /* Canada */
\nDST_GB\n       /* Great Britain and Eire */
\nDST_RUM\n      /* Romania */
\nDST_TUR\n      /* Turkey */
\nDST_AUSTALT\n  /* Australian style with shift in 1986 */

Of course it turned out that the period in which Daylight Saving Time is in force cannot be given by a simple algorithm, one per country; indeed, this period is determined by unpredictable political decisions. So this method of representing timezones has been abandoned.

NOTES#

The time returned by gettimeofday() is affected by discontinuous jumps in the system time (e.g., if the system administrator manually changes the system time). If you need a monotonically increasing clock, see clock_gettime(2).

Macros for operating on timeval structures are described in timeradd(3).

SEE ALSO#

date(1), adjtimex(2), clock_gettime(2), time(2), ctime(3), ftime(3), timeradd(3), capabilities(7), time(7), vdso(7), hwclock(8)